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The Journal of Economic Integration 2025 December;40(4) :655-676.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11130/jei.2025014
Economic Uncertainty in Developing Countries: Does Financial Inclusion Matter?

Rim Oueghlissi

University of Jendouba (FSJEG, Economics Department) and ECSTRA (IHEC, University of Carthage), Tunisia
Corresponding Author: Rim Oueghlissi ,Email: rim.oueghlissi@gmail.com
Copyright ©2025 The Journal of Economic Integration
ABSTRACT
The global expansion of financial inclusion is a critical issue for policymakers around the world. However, its impact on economic uncertainty remains poorly understood. This paper addresses this gap by carefully considering self-selection bias and endogeneity in the relationship between financial inclusion and economic uncertainty. Using matching techniques, we examine whether the level of financial inclusion (i.e., the treatment) has a significant impact on economic uncertainty (i.e., the outcome). Analyzing a sample of 99 developing countries over the period 2004-2018 and employing two matching techniques, we find that the average treatment effect of financial inclusion on economic uncertainty is negative and statistically significant, suggesting that countries with higher financial inclusion experience lower economic uncertainty. These robust results, across various empirical specifications, highlight the important role of inclusive financial systems in mitigating economic uncertainty in developing countries.

JEL Classification
E44: Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
D8: Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
C78: Bargaining Theory; Matching Theory
Keywords: Financial Inclusion | Economic Uncertainty | Entropy Balancing | PSM | Developing Countries
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